This article investigates contemporary challenges in e-learning as education transitions from conventional classrooms to digital platforms based on research and publications in SCOPUS database. It explores issues, innovations, and complexities encountered in this shift, aiming to offer insights into addressing these challenges effectively. Utilizing content analysis via literature review, this research examines 122,502 studies from SCOPUS database related to e-learning, analysing trends, language diversity, and subject integration across various fields from 2019 to 2023. Findings highlight the prevalence of e-learning studies, primarily in conference proceedings, underscoring the systemic challenges in learning systems, human-centred issues, student-centric challenges, COVID-19's impact, online learning hurdles, and machine learning complexities. The study also reveals the integration of e-learning in diverse subjects and across multiple languages. This study highlights significant gaps in research on e-learning, particularly in supporting educational policymakers. While e-learning offers benefits, further investigation is needed into its long-term effects on student outcomes, teacher well-being, and institutional frameworks. Future research should explore e-learning's impact on educational equity and infrastructure needs. E-learning's evolution from traditional to digital platforms poses multifaceted challenges, requiring collaborative efforts to bridge digital divides, improve teaching quality, and enhance accessibility. Addressing these issues is critical to fostering inclusive, effective digital education ecosystems. Policymakers should prioritize funding for research to inform evidence-based policies and create guidelines to help institutions adopt e-learning effectively, ensuring adequate support for both teachers and students.

In the past decade, education has undergone a monumental transformation, transcending the physical confines of the classroom to embrace the vast expanse of cyberspace. This shift has ushered in a new era of learning, where traditional pedagogical approaches intertwine with cutting-edge technologies. The title, "From Classroom to Cyberspace: Unravelling Education's Contemporary Challenges," encapsulates the essence of this paradigm shift. This essay delves into the challenges faced by modern education in adapting to this evolving landscape, exploring the complexities, innovations, and hurdles encountered in the journey from conventional learning spaces to the ever-evolving domain of digital platforms, including the pivotal role of e-learning in reshaping educational paradigms. The evolution of technology has revolutionized the landscape of education, giving rise to a paradigm shift in learning methodologies in education institution [1]. In recent years, the integration of electronic platforms and digital tools into education, commonly termed as e-learning, has emerged as a transformative force reshaping traditional pedagogical approaches. The background of this study on e-learning encapsulates the contextual evolution, challenges, and the pivotal role it plays in modern education. From formal education in schools and universities to corporate training and professional development, e-learning offers flexibility, accessibility, and innovation that are not limited by geographical or time constraints. Studies show that e-learning not only provides access to quality education for students in remote areas but also expands lifelong learning opportunities for adult learners and professionals. It also provides career development for teachers who receive professional training [2]. The genesis of e-learning traces back to the late 20th century when computers began to permeate educational institutions [3]. Initially, it involved rudimentary systems that provided electronic access to educational materials. However, the rapid advancement of technology, especially with the advent of the internet, catalysed a profound transformation in the way learning was imparted and accessed. E-learning, characterized by its flexibility, accessibility, and diverse modes of delivery, and has expanded educational horizons beyond geographical boundaries [4]. Its deployment ranges from traditional academic courses delivered online to interactive multimedia modules, catering to a wide spectrum of learners.  The proliferation of e-learning platforms has been particularly accelerated by the global digitalization push. Educational institutions, driven by the need for adaptability and resilience, swiftly pivoted toward online modes of instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic, further highlighting the indispensability of e-learning in ensuring continuity of education [2,5,6]. Yet, despite its rapid growth and widespread adoption, e-learning confronts several challenges that necessitate rigorous investigation. One such challenge is the digital divide, wherein unequal access to technology and the internet creates disparities in educational opportunities, disadvantaging marginalized communities. Bridging this divide is imperative to ensure equitable access to quality education for all [7,8].

Moreover, the efficacy and effectiveness of e-learning in facilitating meaningful learning experiences has been a subject of debate. Ramos and Inocian indicated that Design thinking as a virtual method of teaching is more effective compare to the traditional teaching and learning [9]. However, Boholano et al. found that this modern communication and information sharing such as social networking contribute to some bad impact [10]. They found that some information from the social networking sites are useless and the unstable internet connectivity reduce the performance in e-learning. However, the integrity and quality of online educational content pose significant concerns. Ensuring the credibility, authenticity, and reliability of digital resources in an era inundated with information requires robust measures for content validation and quality assurance. The good quality is not only in e-learning itself but also in the providers such as education institutions. Service quality is crucial for higher education institutes to gain competitive advantages and growth. Due to that, the potential strategies and service improvement should be planned accordingly to cater to the student's needs and expectations [11], and to compete with other countries in the education system [9]. The dynamic nature of e-learning demands a comprehensive understanding of its multifaceted dimensions. This study seeks to delve deeper into the complexities and nuances of e-learning, exploring its impact, challenges, and potential for innovation. By examining the current landscape and trends, this research aims to contribute valuable insights that can inform the refinement and evolution of e-learning strategies, ultimately enhancing its effectiveness and inclusivity in the realm of education.  The transition from classrooms to cyberspace has brought forth an array of challenges that educators, institutions, and learners grapple with daily. One significant challenge is ensuring equitable access to education for all. While technology has expanded educational possibilities, the digital divide persists, creating disparities in access to resources and learning opportunities among socioeconomically disadvantaged communities [12,13].

Moreover, the effectiveness of online learning compared to traditional methods has been a subject of scrutiny. Research indicates that while e-learning offers flexibility and personalized learning experiences, it also demands self-discipline and motivation, posing challenges for students accustomed to structured classroom settings [14,15]. Therefore, it is recommended that the subject of digital citizenship should be included in the studies and future studies should assess the effectiveness of the integration of various subjects and educational settings [16]. Additionally, concerns regarding the quality and credibility of online education have surfaced. With the proliferation of online platforms, verifying the authenticity of educational content and ensuring standardized learning outcomes have become pressing issues. The absence of stringent regulations and oversight further complicates this matter. Furthermore, the shift to cyberspace has raised concerns about the mental health and well-being of learners. Prolonged screen time, social isolation, and the lack of face-to-face interactions have been linked to increased stress and anxiety among students, warranting attention to holistic approaches that prioritize emotional and mental wellness [17,18]. The situation also occurs among teachers when their mental wellness is at stake. E-learning present’s significant challenges to teacher wellness, contributing to increased levels of burnout due to technological demands, emotional disconnection, and the erosion of work-life boundaries [19]. To address these issues, educational institutions and policymakers must take steps to set realistic expectations, provide continuous professional development, offer emotional and technical support, and promote mental health and physical well-being. By doing so, they can help teachers and students navigate the e-learning landscape more effectively and sustain their long-term well-being [20]. Despite these challenges, the integration of technology into education has also presented opportunities for innovation. Adaptive learning systems, augmented reality, and collaborative online platforms offer new avenues for engagement and interactive learning experiences. Yet, studying the issues and challenges in e-learning is crucial as it introduces a profound understanding of the obstacles encountered. It allows the identification of accessibility issues, effectiveness, and teaching quality in the digital environment. By exploring these challenges, we can develop better solutions, support diverse learning styles, enhance online learning experiences, and ensure equal access to education. A detailed analysis of these issues also aids educational institutions and educators in adapting teaching strategies to current needs, stimulating innovation, and maintaining relevance and quality in a continuous learning environment.

The objective of this study is to investigate contemporary challenges in e-learning as education transitions from conventional classrooms to digital platforms. Drawing on research and publications indexed in the SCOPUS database, it aims to explore the issues, innovations, and complexities encountered during this shift and provide insights into addressing these challenges effectively.

This study employs content analysis through a comprehensive literature review, examining 122,502 studies from the SCOPUS database related to e-learning. It analyzes trends, language diversity, and the integration of e-learning across various disciplines, focusing on publications from 2019 to 2023.

This article is a kind of content analysis from literature review or article journal. Literature review is also a form of research [21]. Initially, in the stage of the systematic literature review (SLR), the process for a broad search is conducted regarding the relevant publications. The next stage is screening criteria based on publication year and language. More specifically, the method used to collect data for analysis is from a single source, which is the SCOPUS publication database. The database is a collection point for real-world data or facts [22]. The keywords used to filter articles or inclusion criteria are 'e-learning, issues and challenges', where the publication period of these articles spans the latest five years from 2019 to 2023. Only articles in English were chosen considering that most articles are in this language and are suitable for analysis. Publications or articles that do not meet the above criteria will be excluded. The article selection process continued using several search items or categories displayed such as fields, language, etc. Articles within the selected categories or items will be analyzed briefly based on frequency and percentage.

The frequency studies of e-learning

The analysis began with a process of searching through SCOPUS database for studies related to the keyword 'e-learning' until November 29th 2023, without in-depth filtering. The result found 122,502 studies across 5 types of sources, as outlined (Table 1).

The result shows the prevalence of numerous studies on e-learning stems from its transformative impact on education. E-learning represents an evolving frontier, blending technology with pedagogy, and prompting researchers to explore its multifaceted dimensions. Its widespread adoption, especially accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights its significance in ensuring continuous education. Scholars aim to scrutinize its efficacy, challenges, and innovations to optimize learning experiences. Table 1 also indicated that the most studies which is 60,180 were from conference proceedings. Proceeding articles might lack rigorous peer review and in-depth scrutiny, potentially affecting the reliability of the content. On the other hand, published articles undergo rigorous peer review before acceptance, ensuring higher quality and credibility. They are often published in reputable journals, adding credibility to the research and enhancing its visibility within the academic community. Published articles also contribute more significantly to the researcher's academic profile and can have a broader impact due to wider accessibility [23]. The e-learning study has been conducted since as early as 1956 by Rollin P. Mayer regarding training youngsters in digital computing techniques [24]. It outlined three premises; (1) the digital computing industry requires not just an increase in individuals skilled in computer design and programming, but also those knowledgeable about the fundamental capabilities and limitations of digital computers; (2) It's essential for the computer industry to actively offer basic computer training to a wide audience, alongside more extensive education for those inclined towards designing and programming; and (3) Most 12-year-olds possess the interest, skills, and foundational knowledge needed to construct and comprehend basic functioning models of various concepts.

The integration of e-learning across diverse subject areas

Studies of e-learning often encompass various subject areas beyond just education or technology. E-learning intersects with multiple disciplines and fields, influencing them in diverse ways. Table 2 indicated studies of e-learning that have been done in multiple subject area (Table 2).

The integration of e-learning across these diverse subject areas demonstrates its versatility in transforming how knowledge is accessed, disseminated, and applied in various fields, making education and training more accessible and adaptable to different learning styles and needs. As a suggestion from Zhang et al. that found that the effectiveness of a universal distance education model for the stable professional development of tourism and hospitality staff [25]. In this context, the model’s conceptual structure can be successfully implemented into modern e-learning courses as a methodology for balanced personal growth. Additionally, the model’s flexibility allows its application in almost all areas, particularly in personnel training.

Table 1: Studies of E-learning from 5 Types of Sources until 29th November 2023.

Table 3: Research in E-Learning across Multiple Languages.

Table 4: Issues and Challenges of E-learning from 2020 until 2023 (Top 6).

Research in e-learning across multiple languages

Conducting research in e-learning across multiple languages as in the Table 3 is essential for breaking language barriers, promoting inclusivity, respecting diverse cultures, and ensuring that education reaches and resonates with learners worldwide (Table 3).

Language diversity plays a pivotal role in ensuring equitable access to education, enabling learners from diverse linguistic backgrounds to engage meaningfully with digital learning resources. Firstly, multilingual research in e-learning acknowledges the linguistic diversity of learners worldwide [26]. It facilitates the development of platforms, content, and instructional strategies that cater to non-native English speakers, enhancing comprehension and engagement. This approach supports marginalized communities and promotes educational equity by offering materials in learners' native languages. Secondly, studying e-learning in various languages enriches the understanding of cultural nuances and learning preferences. Different languages and cultures have distinct learning styles and communication norms. Researching e-learning in multiple languages allows for the customization of content and instructional methods to align with these cultural contexts, fostering more effective learning experiences [27]. As in the Table 3, English language dominated e-learning research due to its global prominence and accessibility [28]. It's widely used in academia, serving as a lingua franca for scholarly communication. This prevalence in research allows for broader dissemination, reaching a larger audience and fostering international collaboration. However, this trend can unintentionally side line non-English-speaking scholars and learners, hindering inclusivity and neglecting diverse perspectives. Efforts to diversify e-learning research languages are crucial to ensure equitable representation, understanding, and application of findings across cultures and languages.

However, one potential limitation of the data in this study is the underrepresentation of certain fields or languages in the SCOPUS database. SCOPUS, though widely recognized as a comprehensive academic resource, predominantly indexes publications in English and from well-established academic disciplines, which could result in the exclusion of important research conducted in other languages or emerging fields. This linguistic bias may lead to limited visibility of e-learning studies from non-English-speaking regions, where valuable insights into culturally specific educational practices and challenges could be overlooked

Issues and challenges of e-learning from 2020 until 2023

Researchers globally have delved into numerous challenges within e-learning. We're narrowing our focus to the top six issues for an in-depth exploration (Table 4).

The most extensively studied area revolves around Learning Systems.  E-learning faces systemic challenges like technological disparities, inadequate infrastructure, and access inequalities [29, 30]. Varied technological capabilities among learners create a digital divide, hindering equal access and participation. Insufficient internet connectivity, hardware, or software limitations impede seamless learning experiences. Additionally, system vulnerabilities, such as data privacy concerns and cybersecurity threats, jeopardize the integrity of online platforms. Addressing these systemic issues demands equitable distribution of resources, improved infrastructure, and robust security measures to ensure accessible, secure, and inclusive e-learning environments for all learners. The second issue is human issues. Human-centric challenges in e-learning encompass engagement struggles, limited social interaction, and varying learning preferences. Maintaining learner motivation and focus in digital environments presents a hurdle, often due to distractions and the absence of immediate feedback [20 & 31]. Reduced face-to-face interaction can impact collaboration and communication skills. Moreover, catering to diverse learning styles and preferences becomes challenging in standardized online modules. Overcoming these human-centric issues requires innovative pedagogical approaches, interactive learning tools, and platforms designed to foster engagement, social interaction, and personalized learning experiences, aligning with individual needs and preferences. The third concern pertains to student-centered challenges in e-learning.  Student-centric challenges in e-learning include self-discipline struggles, isolation, and unequal access. Students often face difficulties in self-regulating study schedules and maintaining focus without direct supervision. The lack of in-person interaction can lead to feelings of isolation and hinder peer-to-peer learning experiences [14, 15, 3]. Moreover, unequal access to technology and resources exacerbates disparities among learners, impacting their ability to fully engage with digital coursework. Addressing student-specific e-learning issues necessitates support structures for time management, fostering virtual communities for collaborative learning, and ensuring equitable access to devices and high-quality internet to create an inclusive and supportive e-learning environment for all students.

Fourth issues are COVID-19 that exacerbated e-learning challenges, intensifying digital inequities, and straining educational systems. The sudden shift to remote learning exposed disparities in access to technology and stable internet, widening the educational divide. Teachers faced rapid adaptation, encountering difficulties in maintaining student engagement and delivering effective online instruction. Additionally, the pandemic's socio-emotional toll on student’s disrupted learning, affecting mental health and motivation. Mitigating COVID-19's impact on e-learning necessitates infrastructure improvements, teacher training in online pedagogy, prioritizing mental health support, and fostering inclusive, resilient e-learning systems capable of accommodating unforeseen disruptions [5, 6 & 32]. The result from SCOPUS website also indicated online learning as the fifth issues. Online learning grapples with issues of engagement, technological limitations, and pedagogical effectiveness. Maintaining learner engagement in virtual settings challenges educators due to potential distractions and reduced interaction. Technological barriers like poor internet connectivity or device availability hinder seamless participation. Pedagogically, adapting traditional teaching methods to online formats can impact learning outcomes and student-teacher rapport. Furthermore, assessment authenticity and cheating prevention pose ongoing concerns in virtual environments. Overcoming these challenges requires innovative instructional design, interactive tools for engagement, equitable access to technology, and robust strategies ensuring the integrity and efficacy of online learning experiences [33, 34].

Machine learning emerges as the final top-six concern in e-learning. Machine learning in e-learning faces challenges of data privacy, algorithm biases, and personalized learning effectiveness [35-37]. Safeguarding learner data while leveraging machine learning algorithms for personalized education requires stringent privacy measures and ethical considerations. Addressing biases in algorithms that might influence content recommendation or assessment evaluation is crucial for fair and unbiased learning experiences. Moreover, ensuring the efficacy of personalized learning models demands continuous refinement and validation to accurately adapt to diverse learning styles while avoiding reinforcing pre-existing biases. Balancing the potential of machine learning with ethical considerations and continuous improvement remains imperative in enhancing e-learning experiences. To conclude, these challenges underscore the need for multifaceted approaches involving authorities and personnel to effectively address them. Researchers in e-learning should also explore adaptive learning technologies, equitable access improvements, and ethical implications of AI integration. Investigating personalized learning systems' effectiveness and refining them to accommodate diverse learning styles remains crucial. Addressing digital inequities, focusing on enhancing internet access and device availability for underserved populations, is pivotal for inclusive education. Moreover, researchers must delve into the ethical considerations surrounding machine learning algorithms, ensuring fairness and bias mitigation in content delivery and assessments. Collaborative efforts in these areas can elevate e-learning's efficacy, accessibility, and ethical standards, fostering a more inclusive and impactful digital education landscape.

The findings of this study reveal important implications for the future of e-learning research, particularly concerning the reliance on conference proceedings. While conference proceedings often provide timely insights into emerging trends, they may lack the rigorous peer-review processes typical of journal publications, potentially impacting the credibility and quality of the research. The heavy use of conference papers in e-learning studies raises concerns about the depth of analysis, as these papers tend to be shorter and less comprehensive than full journal articles. Consequently, this reliance could lead to gaps in theoretical development, limited empirical validation, and incomplete exploration of long-term effects. From Classroom to Cyberspace: Unraveling the Trend of Research in Contemporary Challenges of E-Learning" encapsulates the multifaceted nature of the ongoing educational revolution. As education navigates this dynamic landscape, addressing these challenges is imperative for fostering inclusive, effective, and sustainable learning environments. Mitigating the digital divide, enhancing the quality assurance mechanisms, prioritizing mental health support, and leveraging technology for innovative pedagogical approaches are pivotal steps toward harnessing the full potential of education in the digital era. This journey from traditional classrooms to the boundless realms of cyberspace is fraught with obstacles, yet it offers boundless opportunities for reshaping and redefining the future of learning. For the future of e-learning research, it is critical to encourage more rigorous, peer-reviewed publications that address the complexities of e-learning environments. Additionally, reliance on conference papers could narrow the scope of studies, particularly those focusing on short-term results or innovations, without fully assessing the broader impacts on educational equity, teacher well-being, and learning outcomes. To enhance the credibility and generalizability of e-learning research, future studies should prioritize more diverse data sources, extensive longitudinal research, and more robust methodologies that provide in-depth insights into the effectiveness of e-learning on a global scale. Therefore, policymakers should prioritize funding for research to inform evidence-based policies and create guidelines to help institutions adopt e-learning effectively, ensuring adequate support for both teachers and students for a remarkable performance in education.

I confirm that there are no conflicts of interest related to this study. I have not received any financial or non-financial support from third parties, and there are no affiliations that could be seen as influencing this manuscript. The work was carried out independently, and all views expressed are my own.

Suraini Saufi: Sole author

The data used in this study are derived from publications indexed in the SCOPUS database. Access to the dataset is available upon request through SCOPUS, and the specific studies analyzed can be identified by their DOI numbers or publication titles. The data supporting the findings of this study are publicly available in the SCOPUS database, which can be accessed through institutional or individual subscriptions.

The author expresses heartfelt gratitude to all those who contributed to the completion of this research article. She extends her thanks to her husband for his unwavering support, and to her son and daughters for their inspiring motivation. The encouragement and assistance from friends, family, and colleagues were invaluable in overcoming the challenges faced. Additionally, she acknowledges her workplace college as an affiliate for its support. Lastly, she offers profound thanks to Allah SWT for His guidance, protection, and blessings throughout this journey.

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