Article Type : Review Article
Authors : Ifeyinwa AE, Nkwa AA, Iwuala CC, Chike CAO, Iwuoha UG and Chibueze OS
Keywords : Wood artisans; Health problems; Occupational hazards; Imo State
Objective: To assess health problems and occupational hazards among wood artisans in Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, to sample 216 respondents comprising saw millers, wood carvers and carpenters. Their selection was via multistage sampling technique, from 18 community wood clusters in 9 L.G.As, proportionately drawn from the 27 L.G.As that constitute the three senatorial zones of Imo State. A pre-tested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was employed to obtain data from respondents aged 20 years and above, who consented and met inclusion criteria from October 2022 to November 2023. Data obtained were captured with SPPS version 23, analyzed using descriptive statistics. Chi square test, t-test and logistic regression at 5% level of significance. Results: Conjunctivitis (50.5%), low mean peak expiratory flow rate (385.1±52.4l/min; 50.9%), noise-induced hearing problems (104db; 56.9%), coarse palms (40.7%), musculoskeletal problems (88.0%) and hypertension (40.7%) were health issues detected. Occupational hazards included physical - wood particles (96.3%), noise (71.8%), heat (61.1%); chemical - wood dust (91.7%) and organic fumes (63.9%); biological - insect bite (61.1%); ergonomic - manual lifting of objects (60.2%), awkward posture (59.3%), repetitive work (54.2%), fixed posture (53.7%), and psycho-social - stress (60.2%) & fatigue (58.8%). Respondents’ age, daily income and years at work were significantly associated with their health issues. Conclusion: Wood artisans in Imo State are vulnerable to occupational health problems due to exposures to hazardous work environment and precarious working conditions. Functional occupational safety and health services, safety and health education are needed for these workers.
Health
is a resource for everyday living, and a positive concept that encompasses
social and physical capabilities [1-8]. Good health is one’s real wealth, in
that without it, an individual cannot perform to his maximum potential within
the environment where he lives, work and in the greater society. It promotes
one’s ability and efficiency to do work, increases productivity and provides an
individual with economic enhancement. A healthy worker is energetic, active and
performs optimally in his respective occupation. Work and health are
inseparably linked and each affects the other maximally [9-17]. Good health
leads to positive work effects, while unhealthy work conditions result in
work-related health challenges with their consequences to the affected worker,
his family, enterprise and the greater society [19]. Occupational health deals
with all aspects of health and safety at workplace, with primary aim of
preventing work-related hazards and health disabilities. According to World
Health Organisation (WHO), there are many risk factors at workplace that can
lead not only to accidents, but injuries and diseases including cancer,
musculoskeletal disorders, hearing impairment, stress-related diseases,
circulatory, respiratory, eye and many communicable diseases [17]. Occupational
health care helps in preventing these and has a positive economic impact both
on individual, enterprise and the society at large. The risks at workplace are
often higher in unorganized sector and small-scale industries whose establishment
falls outside the purview of governmental regulations [3].
Occupational health
challenges among artisans is a public health issue, yet an under-exposed
problem particularly in the developing countries of the world. Craft-workers,
workmen, tradesmen and servicemen in wood industries are faced with numerous
health challenges, due to their exposures to hazardous work environment,
precarious working conditions and unsafe work practices/habits [3]. These
health problems exert profound effects not only on artisans health and
productivity, but on their socio-economic well-being as well as that of their
families1. They contribute to a substantial disease burden and economic loss of
about 4 – 6% Gross Domestic Product for most countries of the world [19].
Occupational hazards of
physical, chemical, psycho-social, ergonomic and organizational factors are
common with artisans especially in low and middle-income countries of the world
including Nigeria and have resulted in increased rates of work-related
accidents, injuries, diseases and death, and often exacerbate other health
problems among these workers [18]. In Nigeria, wood artisans
form the substantial proportion of the labour force, but there is little or no
occupational services involving social protection, health care and regulatory
enforcement for occupation health and safety standard for them11. Interaction
between their poor living conditions and work hazards often aggravate their
health problems, making them vulnerable to occupational morbidity and mortality
[20,24].
Work-related health
disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary (respiratory) disorders,
musculoskeletal disorders, noise-induced hearing loss, eye problems and skin
problems are the most common occupational health disorders among wood artisans
[8, 21].
In Nigeria, majority of
workmen and craft workers in wood enterprises work long hours (>8hours) with
obsolete tools and machines, without adequate personal protective equipment due
to poor finances and difficulties in obtaining credit facilities, and are
therefore highly exposed to risks of work-related health issues [3,23].
According to International
Labour Organisation (ILO) 2019, there are 340 million records of occupational
accidents and 160 million yearly occurrences of work-related illnesses
globally. From same statistics, a total of 2.3 million deaths occur annually
due to work-related diseases, while 6,300 workers die as a result of
occupational accidents. One worker dies every 15 minutes, while 153 workers are
involved in work-related accidents every 15 minutes world over. Available data
from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) though scanty and of varying
quality, show increased incidences of work-related morbidity than in
high-income countries of the world [1]. Numerous researches have
been carried out to ascertain health problems of artisans in different parts of
the world, including Nigeria. Gupta [17], in a study on occupational health
problems of Phulkari artisans in Mohali district of Punjab India, revealed
headache, acidity, dizziness, hand and foot numbness and pain in different
parts of the body including eyes, neck, back, legs, knees, arms, hand joints
and finger tips as the health problems faced by artisans. As reported by Gupta,
though these artisans were aware of their health problems, yet they neglect
routine medical checkups, regular exercise and precautionary measures.
In Nigeria, Afolabi3 in a
study on physical work conditions and perceived health problems among informal
automobile artisans, revealed manual lifting of heavy work items, oral sucking
of petrol, long years at work and long working hours as factors significantly
associated with work-related illnesses, while prolonged standing was found to
be significantly associated with injuries. Results of study by Balogun [11] on
health problems, work hazards and health needs of artisans in Ibadan, also
revealed musculoskeletal joint pain (63.3%) and low back pain (54.7%) as some
of the health problem of artisans studied. According to Balogun11, needle prick
was the commonest injury among tailors (79.9%) and hair dressers (57.8%), while
cuts and lacerations were the commonest injury among carpenters (96.7%) and
mechanics (90.9%). Findings of these studies point towards increased prevalence
of health problems among these workers. But of these studies, only few have
been done in this part of the country, hence this research to assess health
problems and occupational hazard exposures of wood artisans in Imo State,
Nigeria. Findings of this study will serve as screening for work-related health
problems of wood artisans as well as provide baseline data for diagnosis of
these health issues that will lead to provision of occupational health care
services for artisans in Nigeria.
Materials and Methods
A descriptive
cross-sectional design was adopted for the study. Two hundred and sixteen (216)
respondents consisting of saw millers, wood carvers and carpenters/furniture
makers who consented and met inclusion criteria, participated in the study.
Their selection was via multi-stage sampling technique, from eighteen (18)
community wood clusters in nine (9) local government areas comprising 30% of
the total local government areas, proportionately drawn from the three
senatorial zones of Imo State. A set of detailed validated questions which
formed the semi- structured questionnaire were administered through
face-to-face direct contact to the respondents aged 20 years and above, who had
lived not less than two years in Imo State, and had been actively involved in
artisanal activities. This was done in both rural and urban community wood
clusters randomly selected in Imo State for data collection, with all ethical
requirements obtained. Assessment of their occupational health problems and
hazards exposures were defined on the basis of critical markers such as
occupational hazard exposures, awareness to occupational hazards and attitude
towards safety and health practices. Ocular, respiratory, hearing, dermatology,
musculoskeletal and blood pressure were some of the health conditions assessed
using physical examination tools.
The study lasted from
October 2022 to November 2023. In the administration of questionnaire, the rate
of incomplete and “wrong” responses due to poorly understood questions were
drastically reduced as clarification sought were given in the process. The
informed consent of the respondents was obtained before actual administration
of the questionnaire. The literate respondents were allowed to fill the
questionnaire by themselves while non-literates respondents had the questions
in their local language and their responses accurately filled by the researcher
or the research assistants. Each question took about 3-5 minutes to be
completed. Data obtained was captured with SPPS version 23 and presented in
tables using descriptive statistics for preliminary data analysis while chi
square test, t - test and logistic regression at P<0.05, were other
analytical methods utilized.
Discussion
Craft-men, workmen and
tradesmen in wood industries constitute the substantial proportion of the
nation’s labour force, but they are particularly vulnerable to occupational
health problems due to their exposure to hazardous work environment, precarious
working conditions and unsafe work practices/habits.
Socio-demographically
(Table 1), majority of wood artisans were found to be between the ages of 30 –
39 years ((29.6%). This agreed with a similar study by Oranusi [24] in Ifo,
Kwara State. Sex distribution showed
that wood occupation is male dominated (99.5%). This may be due to gender bias
towards these occupations especially in developing countries including Nigeria.
It may also be due to the fact that most activities involved in wood occupation
are physically demanding and can only be matched by men's strength. The few
females among them may have been those who had been toughened by life
circumstances and who have chosen to do any kind of job to survive. The
findings supported similar studies by Agbana4 in Kwara State, Agu5 in
Abakaliki, Ebonyi State & Ezinne [16] in Ojo local government, Lagos State,
Nigeria. As concern educational level, greater proportion of wood workers had
attained secondary school (56.9%). This is true because, often times people go
into artisanal activities after secondary education either for lack of funds to
further education to tertiary level, hence the high record for secondary educational
level among respondents. The findings agreed with the study of Elenwo15 which
showed that majority (57.0%) of the respondents attained secondary education.
Majority of them had daily income of ?4,000 & above ?5,000 (37.0%), showing
that their activities were in high demand in Imo State. Greater proportion of
these wood artisans had worked 8 years and above (35.6 %), lending credence to
the saying that perfection comes with years of practice. And since most of them
learn by experience as the study revealed, hence high duration (years) at work
among these artisans. Majority of them work between 8 - 10 hours daily (98.8%),
which corroborated similar studies by Saliu [27], Balogun [11] & Agu [5].
Activities of these wood artisans fall outside the purview of government
regulation, no wonder they work as they like especially for long hours. The common reported health problems among the
respondent artisans as shown in (Tables 2-8) were eye itching (29.2%), cough
(20.4%), and humming sensation in the ear (20.4%), cuts (31.9%), waist pain
(39.8%) and headache (19.4%). Occurrences of health problems as presented in
(Table 9), revealed conjunctivitis (50.5%) and pinguencula (9.7%) as detected
ocular issues among respondents. Above half of wood workers had conjunctivitis.
This may be due to their exposure to wood particles and the reason behind the
itching and gritty sensation they commonly reported. The mean peak expiratory
flow rate (PEFR) was found to be low (385.1±52l/min) among the majority of
respondents (50.9%), an indication of decline in their lung function. This may
be to their exposures to wood dusts and organic fumes which are prevalent in
their work environment. The findings corroborated Adeoye2 in Osun State.
The mean noise level at
wood respondents workplace (104db) exceeded the permissible limit (95db),
thereby making the majority of them (56.9%) at risk of noise-induced hearing
problems (NIHL). Significant difference with permissible limit on noise found
was P =0.0001, t=10.76. The findings agreed with similar studies by Odibo22 at
Sapele, Warri & Udu, Delta State & Ebe13 at Ogbosisi Umuonyeali, Imo
State, Occurrences of dermatology
(skin) issues among the respondents included coarse palms (40.7%), scaly palms
(29.2%) and cuts (20.4%). These health issues may be due to obsolete tools and
machines of work. These equipment, because of their pointed edges, high-powered
force, unguarded moving belts and rotating wheels, may exert stress and injure
wood workers exposed to them as reported by Amadi [7]. The findings are in
tandem with Agu [5] & Balogun [11]. Majority of the respondents had musculoskeletal
problems (88.0%). These health issues may be as a result of ergonomic hazards
including manual lifting, repetitive activities, fixed and awkward postures, as
well as long working hours which respondents encounter daily. These work
routines affect the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves resulting in
musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) of waist pain, back pain, neck pain, joint
pain, muscle stiffness and many others. The findings corroborated similar
studies by Saliu [27] & Balogun [11]. Occurrence of hypertension health problems among
respondents was 40.7%. The findings agreed with similar studies by Alexander6
in Vellore, Southern India, Agu [5] in Abakaliliki, Ankamal-Lomotey8 in Ghana,
and Ayogu [10] in rural communities of southeast Nigeria. Occupational hazards
encountered by respondents in their work activities as presented in (Tables
10-14), revealed noise (71.8%), heat (61.1%) and wood particles (96.3%) as the
most encountered physical hazards, wood dust (91.7%) and organic fumes (63.1%)
as the most encountered chemical hazards. Awkward postures (59.3%) and manual
lifting of heavy work materials (60.2%) were the frequent ergonomic hazards
encountered. However, greater proportion of these workers also encountered
repetitive work (54.2%) and fixed posture hazards (53.7%). Insect bites (61.1%)
was the commonest biological hazard, while psycho-socially, majority of
respondents (60.2%) encountered hazard of stress (60.2%) and fatigue (58.8%).
The findings agreed with similar studies by Johnson & Bassey20, Balogun11,
Elechi & Warmate14 & Rahman25. Awareness towards occupational hazard exposures as
presented in (Table 15), was quite high among wood respondents (92.1%), with
main source of awareness being personal experience (62.8%). The findings
collaborated similar studies by Adeoye [2], Diwe [12] & Agbana [4], which
also revealed that the majority of the respondents were aware of the hazards,
and the main source of awareness was from personal experiences. Wood artisans recorded
strong attitude towards occupational health protection (mean = 3.36, st. dev=
2.10) (Table 16). The overall mean score was above the cut-off point of 3.0 for
a 5 point likert scale (i.e [5+4+3+2+1]/5). Up to nine items have scores above
the overall mean. Attitude on making first aid equipment available at work
place had 70.8% strongly agreed, with none disagreed or strongly disagreed. But
attitude towards the use of personal protective equipment among respondents,
recorded poor response especially attitude towards putting on work coverall
coats whenever work is going on (mean =2.70, st. dev = 1.37), with only 35.6%
and 10.6% agreeing and strong agreeing to it. Attitude towards putting on hand
gloves (mean =2.70, st. dev = 1.37), head gears and safety boots (mean = 2.70,
st. dev = 1.47) also recorded poor results. The findings agreed with similar
studies by Tadesse [29] in Lideta Sub-city Ethiopia, Richard [26] in Nakuru
County, Kenya and Ojo23 in Ile–Ife, Nigeria, all of which revealed abysmal poor
health and safety protection among respondents as against the awareness levels
revealed from their studies. Richard [26] study, revealed that 80% of the
workers had no occupational health and safety training, while several other
studies by Elechi [14]; Elenwo [15]; Agu[5]; Afolabi[3], all pointed towards
low levels of compliance to occupational safety and health protection.
According to the said studies, poor usage of personal protective equipment (PPE)
was found to be instrumental to self - reported health problems among studied
artisans. Influence of awareness and attitude on occurrence of occupational health
problems (Table 17), showed negative coefficients with most of the health
issues assessed, indicating that positive changes in them could reduce
occurrences of health problems. Most of the assessed health issues in relationship
to socio-demographic factors as presented in (Table 18), showed significant
association with artisans’ age, daily income and years (duration) at work.
Occupational health issues occurred majorly in older artisans with increased
years at wood occupations. Findings tallied with a related study by Oranusi
[24], which showed that increased age may come with lowered immunity which
makes an individual susceptible to pathogens at work.
Conclusion
Occupational health
problems among wood artisans in Imo State, Nigeria is a public health issue,
yet an under-exposed challenge. These workers are exposed to hazardous work
environment, precarious working conditions and unsafe work practices/habits.
Heat, noise, wood particles, fire, organic fumes, wood dust and smoke, insect
bites, repetitive work, fixed and awkward postures, manual lifting of heavy
objects, stress and fatigue are some of the work-related hazards encountered by
wood workers in Imo State. Awareness to these occupational hazards though high,
yet their attitude towards safety and health protection especially as concern
usage of personal protective equipment during work activities is quite poor,
hence the risk of occupational health problems among these workers.
Conjunctivitis, cough, noise-induced hearing problems, coarse palms, waist pain
and hypertension are prevalent among them. These health problems are
significantly associated with artisans’ age, daily income and years (duration)
at work. Older workers with many years at work are found more with health
issues than the younger ones. Increased sensitization,
training and education and provision of functional occupational safety and
health services are therefore needed to ameliorate health issues associated
with wood activities in Imo State.
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