Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various industries, including dentistry, by enhancing patient care and streamlining processes. Its rapid advancements have transformed the delivery of oral healthcare, providing innovative solutions from diagnosis to treatment planning. The present narrative review examines AI's multifaceted role in dentistry, exploring its applications, advantages, challenges, and future prospects

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, including machine learning and computer vision systems, hold significant potential for advancing dentistry by assisting in diagnosis and treatment planning [1]. These technologies analyze data, detect patterns, and offer predictions, thereby aiding dental practitioners in delivering personalized care [2]. AI incorporates machine learning algorithms, natural language processing, image recognition, and robotics, empowering dental professionals to efficiently process and interpret data [3]. Emerging in 1956, the evolution of AI has resulted in various applications, particularly in robotics, where software replicates human intelligence [4]. Initially challenged by high expectations and limited data accessibility, AI now encompasses any technology that simulates human cognitive abilities [5,6]. 

Benefits of AI in Dentistry

Diagnostic Imaging and Improved Diagnostic Accuracy

AI plays a pivotal role in dental diagnostic imaging, particularly in interpreting radiographs and CBCT scans [7]. AI algorithms accurately detect issues like caries, fractures, and tumors, facilitating early disease identification and treatment planning [8]. Technologies like computer-aided detection (CAD) systems analyze dental images with precision, expediting diagnosis and enabling early intervention for better patient outcomes [9,10].

Enhanced Treatment Planning and Simulation

AI software aids dental surgeons in planning treatments by simulating procedures such as orthodontic adjustments and dental implants [11]. It utilizes patient data to optimize outcomes and predict complications, facilitating personalized treatment plans for improved results [12].

Transforming Dental Practices, Expanding Access, and Elevating Patient Care

AI technologies optimize workflow management in dentistry by automating administrative tasks like appointment scheduling and patient record management, freeing up time for patient care. Virtual consultations and tele-dentistry services, facilitated by AI chatbots and assistants, allow remote access to dental advice and triage patients, improving accessibility to care, particularly in underserved areas [13,14].

Predictive Analytics and Risk Assessment

AI algorithms analyze patient data, including medical history, habits, and genetic predispositions, to assess the risk of developing oral diseases such as periodontitis or caries [15]. Dental surgeons can then implement personalized preventive measures and interventions for high-risk individuals, reducing the risk of disease progression [16].

Improving Practice Management

AI transforms practice management by automating administrative tasks, optimizing workflows, and enhancing operational efficiency [17]. It analyzes patient demographics, financial data, and scheduling patterns to streamline operations, reduce overhead costs, and optimize resource allocation [18].

Robot-Assisted Dentistry

Robotics combined with AI have the potential to automate certain dental procedures, such as tooth-cleaning or preparation for restorations [19]. Robot-assisted systems can improve precision, reduce procedural errors, and minimize patient discomfort, thereby enhancing the overall patient experience [20].

Cost Savings and Resource Optimization

By optimizing workflows and reducing the need for manual intervention, AI helps dental practices operate more efficiently, leading to cost savings and better resource utilization [21].

Periodontics

AI programs aid in diagnosing and treating periodontal pathologies via panoramic radiographs, employing approaches like deep learning and CAD systems [22]. These technologies demonstrate high diagnostic accuracy and reduce examination time [23].

Prosthodontics

AI enhances CAD/CAM fabrication of dental prostheses and assists in precise colour matching and implant location identification, improving the design and fabrication of dental implants [24,25].

Oral Implantology

AI techniques, such as deep learning, improve the identification of dental implants and the detection of peri-implantitis, enhancing treatment outcomes [26,27].

Forensic Dentistry

AI expedites the identification process using panoramic radiographs, showing promise in age determination, sexual dimorphism identification, and disaster victim identification [28].

Oral Medicine and Pathology

AI applications in oral pathology include diagnosing odontogenic cystic lesions and predicting tumor margin positivity and survival outcomes for oral cancer, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and patient care [29,30].

Oral Radiology

AI assists in interpreting radiographic lesions, analyzing dental images, and detecting caries, with tasks including diagnosing fractures, staging tooth development, and bone density assessment [31,32].

Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry

AI models predict children's oral health status and aid in diagnosing conditions like mesiodens and supernumerary teeth, enhancing early diagnosis and preventive care [33,34].

Orthodontics

AI is employed in orthodontics for assessing treatment effects, predicting third molar locations, analyzing maxillary structure variations, and automating cephalometric analysis, improving treatment planning and monitoring [35].

Oral Surgery

AI aids in decision-making for tooth extraction, localizing the inferior alveolar nerve canal, and providing insights into complex surgical procedures, enhancing surgical precision and patient outcomes [36].

Diagnosis, Caries, and Endodontics

AI facilitates early diagnosis of dental caries, expedited endodontic diagnosis, and precise identification of periapical lesions, improving treatment planning and patient outcomes [37, 38].

Public Health Dentistry

AI-driven virtual dental assistants excel in diagnosis, appointment management, and health risk identification, aiding in public health surveillance and providing personalized health advice [39, 40].

Data privacy and security

The utilization of AI in dentistry involves extensive patient data collection and analysis, raising concerns about data privacy and security [41]. Dental practitioners must adhere to relevant regulations to safeguard patient confidentiality and ensure data protection.

Integration with existing systems

Integrating AI technologies into established dental practice management systems and workflows may necessitate significant investments in infrastructure and training [42]. Compatibility and scalability of AI solutions need careful assessment.

Ethical and legal implications

As AI systems become more autonomous in decision-making, ethical challenges concerning accountability and liability arise [43]. Addressing concerns regarding patient data privacy, algorithmic biases, and equitable access to AI-enabled services is crucial [44].

Bias and fairness

AI algorithms are susceptible to biases present in training data, potentially leading to disparities in diagnosis and treatment recommendations [45]. Minimizing these biases ensures fairness and equity in treatment outcomes [46].

Regulatory oversight

Robust regulatory frameworks are needed to safeguard patient safety, uphold quality of care, and ensure adherence to professional standards [47]. Regulatory bodies providing guidance and oversight are essential.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands poised to transform dentistry by facilitating accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment planning, and improved patient care. Its applications span from diagnostic imaging to treatment simulation, benefiting both practitioners and patients alike. Nonetheless, challenges such as data privacy, ethical considerations, and regulatory frameworks require careful attention for seamless integration. Responsible AI adoption has the potential to democratize access to oral healthcare, ensuring efficiency and effectiveness. AI offers the promise of precision dentistry tailored to individual needs, while emphasizing the enduring importance of human qualities in dentistry—such as empathy, compassion, and commitment to patient well-being. In the broader healthcare landscape, AI serves as a catalyst for transformative change, heralding healthier smiles and improved lives by augmenting specialists' accuracy and mitigating human errors.

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