Article Type : Case Report
Authors : Chaddad R
Keywords : Non valvular atrial fibrillation; Apixaban; Hemopericardium
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are used for many
conditions where anticoagulation is needed such as non-valvular atrial
fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Apixaban
is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) that works by factor Xa inhibition. This
agent is associated with a lower risk of bleeding compared with vitamin K
antagonists such as warfarin. Hemopericardium is a lifethreatening bleeding
event that is rarely caused by anticoagulants. We describe the case of an
84-year old male patient who was diagnosed with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
and treated with apixaban, and presented with severe anemia and hypotension
with no apparent bleeding sources. Further diagnostic testing with CT scan and
transthoracic echocardiography showed cardiac tamponade treated urgently by
pericardiocentesis.
Inhibitors of factor Xa in the coagulation cascade
such as apixaban become more popular as one of the DOACs due to its rapid
absorption and multiple medical uses [1]. This novel agent is preferable over
warfarin mainly for its decreased risk of bleeding events as well as better
facility in follow up with lake to dosing adjustments according to
international normalized ratio (INR) [2]. Despite all apixaban’s benefits, it
can still causes major and non-major hemorrhage complications that may need
medical and interventional therapy for stabilization [3]. Hemorrhagic cardiac
tamponade (HCT) is a serious life-threatening condition happening in many
medical circumstances such as trauma, cardiac surgery, acute myocardial
infarction, aortic dissection and malignancy. To note that anticoagulation
related HCT is rarely reported in literature as principal cause of bleed in the
absence of precipitating factors [4]. In this report, we present a case of
hemopericardium complicated by tamponade and kidney injury in an elderly with
chronic atrial fibrillation. Patient developed acute blood loss with
hemodynamic instability in the context of use of apixaban 5mg twice daily.
An 84 year old elderly patient with known to have
atrial fibrillation on apixaban presented with palor, dyspnea and lethargy.
Vital signs upon presentation showed blood pressure 80/50 mmHg, heart rate 45
beats/min, temperature 36.8 °C and oxygen saturation 80%. He was in moderate
respiratory distress with jugular venous distension, lungs were clear to
auscultation, distant and muffled heart sounds. A chest radiograph revealed a
significant cardiomegaly and bilateral minimal pleural effusions, which were
not demonstrated in his previous chest films. Laboratory tests showed severe
anemia with 4 units drop in hemoglobin (compared to his baseline hemoglobin one
week ago) associated with acute kidney injury and electrolytes disturbance .The
laboratory and imaging findings (Tables 1,2).
Medical history is negative for any melena, rectorrhagia or hematemesis. Stabilization with face mask oxygen, IV hydration and transfusion immediately started. An urgent TTE showed a large circumferential pericardial effusion measuring 2.5 cm and evidence of tamponade physiology. The mitral inflow dopplers showed evidence of more than 25% respiratory variation. The late diastolic collapse of the right atrium and early diastolic collapse of the right ventricular free wall was seen.
Table
1: Laboratory
results.
|
Day 0 |
Day 5 |
Day 10 |
Hemoglobin |
6.8 |
8.9 |
10.4 |
Hematocrit |
23 |
27.2 |
32.4 |
Creatinine |
3.51 |
2.17 |
0.85 |
Sodium |
173 |
153 |
142 |
Potassium |
4.55 |
3.81 |
3.75 |
Table 2: Pericardial fluid
analysis.
RBC |
LDH |
PROTEIN |
ALBUMIN |
3552000 |
295 IU/L |
49.3 g/L |
25.4 g/L |
Among randomized controlled trials, only five trials have reported pericardial hemorrhage with DOACs (incidence 0.05%) [5]. In the setting of pericarditis the use of anticoagulation mainly heparin has been documented to produce hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade [6]. Only a few reports exist concerning hemopericardium in patients treated with VKAs [4]. Identified in a systematic review 26 cases of hemorrhagic tamponade with mean age of 70 years and male predominace of 73% taking DOAC .This life threatening complication was seen mainly with rivaroxaban use (46%) followed by dabigatran and apixaban with 37% and 19% successively [7].
Figure 2: CT scan Chest showed a large circumferential pericardial effusion.
The highest incidence of hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade
in rivaroxaban group may be due to being the most commonly used DOAC at the
time of the reported cases [8]. Multiple risk factors were noted in the
reported cases including old age, male gender, hypertension, and drug
interactions, elevated INR and elevated Cr. The patient in our case was free of
major risk factors that may increase the risk of bleed with the use of DOAC; he
had normal creatinine before being started on apixaban, not taking any medications
that can interact with this DOAC increasing its level in the blood and not
taking any NSAID or antiplatelets that can increase the bleeding risk. The
first case report of hemopericardium secondary to apixaban treatment of atrial
fibrillation after 6 weeks of therapy. In this study, the hemorrhagic
pericarditis with apixaban may be explained by the drug interaction with
venlafaxine or the decreased GFR which cause an increase in the apixaban blood
levels. Malignancy is a major cause of hemopericardium as previously reported
[9,10]. It accounts for 65% of the primary etiology of patients presenting with
cardiac tamponade requiring urgent drainage in a 10 years prospective survey in
a single-center, and it may be the first and only manifestation of non-cardiac
primary neoplasm, which is not the case in our patient; the pericardial fluid
cytology was free of malignant cells. In a reported case the reversal of
bleeding in hemopericardium in patients taking dabigatran has been successful
with the antidote idarucisumab [11]. For the other DOAC therapies andexanet
alfa is an agent shown to rapidly reverse the anticoagulant effects of direct
and indirect (enoxaparin and fondaparinux) factor Xa inhibitors; this agent
reverse the effects of rivaroxaban and apixaban and could offer a solution for
the patients presenting with such life-threatening complication like our
patient, although no phase three clinical trials or head-to-head trials with
usual care are currently available [12,13]. Our case report adds to the growing
evidence for the major bleeding complications with the use of DOACs especially
for the life threatening hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade that require a high
clinical suspicion in any patient presenting with signs of shortness of breath
or chest pain or any other manifestation of pericardial effusion shortly after
starting on any DOAC therapy.
This article aims to alert clinicians to this rare but
increasingly reported side effect of apixaban. A high index of clinical
suspicion is needed for recognition and diagnosis of spontaneous
hemopericardium. Caution should be observed especially in elderly patients with
declining renal function. With increasing use of apixaban and other novel
anticoagulants and the recent approval of a new reversal agent, more research
are needed to develop monitoring laboratory parameters to determine and monitor
their therapeutic range.