Bodily harm resulting from violence represents a major challenge in forensic medicine, with significant medical, legal, and social implications. Victims present a variety of physical, psychological or sexual injuries, requiring accurate and rigorous documentation. Forensic assessment relies on standardized protocols, clinical and complementary examinations, and a multidisciplinary approach involving clinicians, forensic experts, and legal professionals. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the types of violence, quality of forensic examinations, international standards, and challenges related to legal compensation for victims. It emphasizes the importance of inter-expert consistency, continuous training, and alignment with national and European legal frameworks. In conclusion, evaluating bodily harm caused by violence requires updated expertise, harmonized standards, and close collaboration between the medical and judicial systems to ensure reliable reports and fair compensation for victims.

Bodily injury resulting from violence represents a major challenge in contemporary forensic medicine. Victims may present with a wide spectrum of injuries, ranging from blunt force trauma to sharp force and firearm-related injuries, as well as sequelae associated with sexual and psychological violence [1,2,3]. These injuries require accurate and rigorous documentation in order to properly assess the medical and legal impact of the assaults [4,5]. Forensic medicine plays a central role not only in the description of injuries but also in the assessment of harm and in guiding judicial proceedings. The quality of forensic examinations and the resulting medico-legal reports has a direct impact on victim compensation and reparation [6,7]. Contemporary challenges include inter-expert variability, lack of harmonization of assessment protocols, and the complexity of evaluating physical and sexual injuries [8]. The adoption of international standards and the development of multidisciplinary approaches are essential to ensure the reliability of forensic expertise and fairness in the compensation of harm. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the medico-legal assessment of victims of violence and to propose strategies to improve practices and harmonize standards.

Violence resulting in bodily injury can present in various forms. It includes physical violence, such as injuries caused by blunt objects or sharp instruments, as well as sexual violence and indirect psychological harm. Studies show that the majority of victims experience multiple types of traumas simultaneously, which complicates forensic evaluation [1-3]. The main types of observed violence, their clinical manifestations, and the populations affected are summarized in (Table 1).

Physical violence

Blunt and sharp force injuries are the most frequently observed in forensic medicine units. Ozdemir emphasizes the importance of systematic and detailed documentation for each case to support judicial proceedings [1]. Eze and Ojifinni highlight the challenges related to evaluating sharp force injuries, particularly in determining the nature, severity, and mechanism of trauma [2].

Sexual and psychological violence

Sexual violence often leads to both physical and long-term psychological sequelae. Haroual demonstrate that the forensic examination of children who are victims of physical and sexual violence requires a multidisciplinary approach involving pediatricians, psychologists, and forensic experts [3]. The accuracy of reports and inter-expert consistency are essential to ensure the legal redress of victims [4,6].

Documentation and reliability of examinations

Inter-clinician and inter-expert variability remain a major challenge. Walz demonstrated that examinations conducted by specialized experts provide more detailed and reliable reports, thereby enhancing the validity of judicial procedures [4]. Bardaa also emphasize that training and the standardization of protocols help reduce this variability [5].

Evaluation and compensation

The assessment of bodily harm, particularly in cases of sexual violence, directly influences compensation and legal redress. Pefferkorn and Kayem show that compensation depends on several factors, including the extent of injuries, age, and socio-legal context [6,7]. Franceschetti stress the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to evaluate properly complex cases and multiple traumas [8].

The forensic evaluation of victims of violence relies on standardized protocols and rigorous methodologies to ensure accuracy, consistency, and legal value of examinations [1,4]. Documentation should include a detailed description of injuries, photographs, objective measurements, and, when necessary, complementary examinations such as medical imaging. Key steps in forensic evaluation, including objectives and tools used, are presented in (Table 2).

Standardized protocols

The use of standardized protocols, such as those inspired by the Istanbul Protocol for the medico-legal documentation of torture and ill-treatment, reduces inter-expert variability and ensures a homogeneous evaluation of physical and sexual injuries [8]. These protocols define clear steps for clinical examination, evidence collection, and report writing, thereby improving the reliability of forensic assessments [4].

Multidisciplinary approach

The complexity of cases, particularly in sexual violence or multiple traumas, requires a multidisciplinary approach. Haroual demonstrated that collaboration between forensic physicians, clinicians, and psychologists allows for a more comprehensive assessment of physical and psychological harm [3]. This approach also facilitates referral of victims to appropriate care and psychological support.

Quality and reliability of examinations

Studies indicate that examinations performed by specialized experts yield more detailed and legally reliable reports than those conducted by non-specialized clinicians [4,5]. Continuous training and standardization of procedures are essential to guarantee the quality of forensic assessments and effectively support judicial processes.

Figure 1: Workflow of Forensic Evaluation of Victims of Violence.

Table 1: Typology of Violence and Bodily Injuries.