Article Type : Research Article
Authors : Magbool FF and Ibrahim MA
Keywords : Dichrostachys cinerea; Pharmacognacy; Anti-atherosclerotic; Anti-inflammatory
Dischrastachys cinerea was collected from
southern kordofan state (2020). And authentic by Dr. Yahiya Mohamed (Medicinal
and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicinal Research Institute (MAPTMRI) the
extraction was carry out according to protocol of WHO 1998 successive
extraction method. The phytochemical screening was carry out to show the
present of Tannin, Saponins, Alkaloid, Flavonoids, Steroids and sugar.
Proximate analysis was done to show the present of Moisture 2.270, Ash 9.823,
Protein 20.738, Fat 0.806, Fiber 60.390, and carbohydrate 5.973. And
antimicrobial was tested against four stander bacteria species: Gram positive
bacteria staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923)20.44 and Bacillus subtilis
(NCTC8236) 18.2 Gram Negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) 25.50 and
pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)21.28 and one stander fungal strain VIZ,
Candida albicans (ATCC 7596) 19.94 using disc diffusion method.
Medicinal plants are still invaluable source of safe,
lower price available and reliable natural resource of drugs all over the
world. People in Sudan and in other developing countries have relied on
traditional herbal preparation to treat themselves [1] therefore, it is useful
to investigate the potential of local plants against these disabling diseases
[2]. Sudan represents one of the largest African countries and characterized by
rich flora described by many botanists. They observed that Sudan Medicine
represents a unique blend of indigenous cultures with Egyptian, Arabia, west
and east African culture. In an attempt to collect information on biology and
Pharmacognacy of Sudanese medicinal plants it is important to collect
information about the plants used by herbalists in different part of Sudan.
Form the observations of many botanist working in the field of medicinal
plants, a lot of work need to be done to identify species that are used by
traditional herbalists over years for curing specific aliments. This can be
achieved by encouraging interested botanists and medical doctors in Sudan to
collect information from their respective regions by working very close with
the established herbalists [3]. In developing countries medicinal plants
continue to be the main source of medication. The medicinal plants contain many
active constituents such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins.
Tannin is responsible for the antimicrobial effect by
different mechanism, include inhibition of the extracellular microbial enzymes,
deprivation of the substrates required
for the microbial growth or direct action on microbial metabolism through the
inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. A further mechanism involving iron
deprivation is proposed. Many microorganism can overcome plant defences based
on tannins [4]. Dichrostachys cinerea is one of the very useful wild medicinal
plants in many areas despite substantial efforts by ethno botanical researchers
to document majority of medicinal plants used in indigenous health systems few
researchers have examined and documented their safe dosages and extinction
threats posed to habitat-specific species [5]. Plants are end owed with free
radical scavenging molecules. Such as vitamins flavonoids, phenolic acids,
lignins, stilbenes, tannins, betalains, and other metabolites, which are rich
in antioxidant activity studies have shown that many of these antioxidant
compounds possess anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, antitumor,
antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial, and antiviral activities [6].
Phytochemistery have been instrumental in rationalization of the use of various
herbal medicines however unscreened herbal products still find their way to markets
owing to their high demand. For instance, the bark of D. cinerea is used to
prepare concoction tradition ally used to treat dysentery, headache and
elephantiasis. It is root infusions are used to treat epilepsy, gonorrhoea
coughs and sore eye and also serve as an anthelmintic, laxative and strong
diuretic [7]. Seeds of this plant are edible and the leaves are good fodder for
domesticated animals. In India it’s called the mother of healing [8-11].
Plant
material
Plant was collected from southern kordofan state 2020
and sample was identified and authenticated by the taxonomists of the medicinal
and aromatic plant and traditional medicine research institute (MAPTMR)
Khartoum, Sudan. They were washed and then air dried under light exposure
(27C-30C) for 14 days.
Plant
extraction
The extraction was carry out according to protocol of
WHO 1998. And successive extraction method.
Phytochemical
screening
Phytochemical was carry out and show the present of
tannin by addition of ferric chloride
reagent to the filtrate was given blue colour indicate the presence of tannin
Alkaloids by addition of few drop of Dragendorffs reagent turbidity was taken as
indicative of presence of alkaloids, flavonoids indicated by addition of
magnesium metal followed by the addition of few drop of conc. HCL the red
colour was inductive the present of
Flavonoids, saponins content was determined by boiling 1 g powder in 10
ml distilled water for 15 min and after cooling the extract was shaken vigorously
to record froth formation, steroid was determined by dissolved the extract by
chloroform and faltered H2SO4 was added to filtered to
form lower layer reddish brown colour steroidal ring was appear, carbohydrate
was determined by Mulish test, reduced sugar was determined by Fehling
reagent.
Proximate
analysis
Proximate analysis was carry out to show presence of
fat the sample was hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid at 70-80C.protein,
if any, can be dissolved in acid, cured fat manually extracted by diethyl and
petroleum ether .the solvent was removed by evaporation and the oil residue
dried and weighted, Moisture e method was based on drying sample under control
temperature until constant weigh is obtained, Ash method was involve oxidation
of all organic matter by incineration in a furnace at specific temp less than
(550C) Ashing above 650C volatilities inorganic salt like
alkali chloride and a portion of ash
fused and enclosed some carbon , preventing them from benign ignited. The
residue left after incineration is the Ash
content of the sample, protein method was based on digestion of protein
and organic food with sulfuric acid in catalyst to release nitrogen from
protein ammonium gas was liberated upon the addition of excess alkali and was
distilled in to a boric acid solution to form ammonium borate complex the
ammonium liberated was tittered with
standardized HCL the amount of nitrogen was determined from Mg equivalent to
acid uses crude protein was determined by multiplied nitrogen content with
conversion factor to food matrix and fiber method was extracted by 2g ether then precipitate was formed and
transfer to digestive flask unit with addition to espstous, 200mg of H2SO4
was added digestion flask was connected to condenser then boiled, funnel was
fixed with piece of cloth and then added regular a hot water to wash H2SO4,
then NaoH was added to the cloth precipitate until the alkali is removed.
Method
of antimicrobial activity
The antimicrobial test was performed using agar
diffusion method. The test microorganism were incubated on nutrient agar plate
and separate uniformly using sterile glass separator. Wells of 5mm in diameter
were made on the nutrient agar using sterile cork borer. The cute agar disks
were carefully removed by the use of forceps sterilized by flaming then the
extract was added to plate. The plate is allowed to stand for one hour at room
temperature for diffusion of the substance to proceed before the growth of
microorganism commenced. The plate were incubated at 37oC for 24 h.
the zones of inhibition were then recorded.
The phytochemical analysis conducted on D. cinerea
extract revealed the presence of tannin, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins.
Flavonoids have been shown to exhibit their actions through effects on membrane
permeability, and by inhibition of membrane bound enzymes such as the ATPase
and phospholipase A2 and this property may explain the mechanisms of anti-oxidative
action of D. cinerea. Flavonoids serve as health promoting compound as a
results of its anion radical’s .D. cinerea was also found to contain saponins
known to produce inhibitory effect on inflammation. Tannins are known to be
useful in the treatment of inflamed or ulcerated tissue and they have
remarkable activity in cancer prevention and anticancer and possess
antimicrobial activity. Thus D. cinerea containing this compound may serve as a
potential source of bioactive compounds in the treatment of cancer. Alkaloid
was also detected D. cinerea extracts. Alkaloids have been associated with uses
for centuries and one of their common biological properties is their
cytotoxicity success of D. cinerea extracts against both Gram positive and Gram
negative bacteria are likely dependent on their content alkaloids to
intercalate between DNA strands the presence of these phenolic compounds in D.
cinerea extracts contribute to its ant oxidative properties and thus the
usefulness of this plant in herbal medicament. Phenols have been found to be
useful in the preparation of some antimicrobial compounds such as Dettol and
cresol. The proximate analysis was carry out for quantitative determination and
show the present of moisture 2.270 %, Ash 9.823%, protein 20.738%, fat 0.806%
and fibe (Tables 1-3).
The stem-bark and leafs of d-cinerea family
(Mimosaceae) was screened for antimicrobial activity against two gram positive
bacteria (B. subtilis & S. aureus),
Two gram negative bacteria (E. coli & P.
areuginosa) as well as one fungi (C. albicans) using disc diffusion method.
The extracts showed high activity (25.23mm &22.72
mm) against gram negative (E. coli & P. areginosa) respectively and (23.00
mm &19.82 mm) against gram positive bacteria (S. aureus &B.
subtilis)respectively and also (22.14mm)against C. albicans (Tables 4,5).
Key
H2O (STM) …..Stem-bark extract using water as solvent,
H2O (LV) ……. Leave extract using water as solvent
MET (STM)….stem-bark extract using methanol as solvent
MET (LV)…..leave extract using methanol as
solvent
Interpretation of result MDIZ (mm):>15mm= sensitive
, 12-15 =intermediate, <15 = resistant
All the extracts of various D.cinerea plant exhibited
antibacterial and anticandidal activities. All the extract were effective
against all microorganism that use .Of the two extraction solvent methanol
extracts gave better inhibition zones as compared to water extract. Which might
be attributed to the incomplete leaching of the antibacterial substance. E.
coli was found to be the most sensitive microorganism while B. subltits was the
least sensitive microorganism to the extracts.